Isishwankathelo seengozi
Iingozi zeMpilo: Iyacaphukisa ulusu kunye neenwebu ze-mucous kwaye inefuthe lokudambisa iintlungu kwinkqubo yemithambo-luvo ephakathi.
Ityhefu Ebukhali: Ukuphefumla umxube ophezulu wale mveliso ngexesha elifutshane kunokubangela iimpawu zokurhawuzelelwa kwamehlo kunye nendlela yokuphefumla ephezulu, ukuxinana kwamalungu omzimba kunye namalungu, isiyezi, intloko ebuhlungu, isicaphucaphu, ukuhlanza, ukuqina kwesifuba, ubuthathaka bamalungu omzimba, ukuhamba okungaqhelekanga, kunye nokudideka. Amatyala anzima anokubangela ukuxhuzula, ukuxhuzula, kunye nokukhohlela.
Ityhefu Engapheliyo: Ukuchatshazelwa ixesha elide kunokukhokelela kwi-neurasthenic syndrome, ukwanda kwesibindi, kunye nokuphazamiseka kokuya exesheni kwabasebenzi abangabasetyhini. Kunokubangela ulusu olomileyo, ukuqhekeka, kunye ne-dermatitis.
Iingozi Zokusingqongileyo: Ziyingozi enkulu kwindalo esingqongileyo kwaye zinokungcolisa umoya, amanzi, kunye nemithombo yamanzi.
Ukutsha kunye neNgozi yokuqhuma: Le mveliso iyatsha kwaye iyacaphukisa.
Ubuthi: Buhlulwe njengobuthi obuphantsi.
Ubuthi obubukhali: LD50 5000mg/kg (ngomlomo kwiimpuku); LC50 12124mg/kg (yesikhumba kwimivundla); ukuphefumla komntu okungama-71.4 g/m³ kuyabulala ngexesha elifutshane; ukuphefumla komntu okungama-3 g/m³ kangangeyure eli-1–8 kubangela ubuthi obubukhali; ukuphefumla komntu okungama-0.2–0.3 g/m³ kangangeeyure ezi-8 kukhokelela kwiimpawu zobuthi.
Ukucaphuka:
Ukuvezwa kwamehlo ebantwini: 300ppm kubangela ukurhawuzelelwa.
Ukuvezwa kwesikhumba somvundla: I-500mg ibangela ukurhawuzelelwa okuphakathi.
Ubuthi obungaphantsi kunye nobuGcisa obungapheliyo: Iimpuku kunye neehagu zeGuinea ezivezwe ekuphefumlweni kwe-390 mg/m³ iiyure ezisi-8/ngemini kwiintsuku ezingama-90–127 zibonakalise utshintsho kwinkqubo ye-hematopoietic kunye namalungu e-parenchymal.
Ukutshintsha kwesimo somzimba: Uvavanyo lwe-micronucleus: ukunikwa ngomlomo kwe-200 mg/kg kwiimpuku. Uhlalutyo lwe-cytogenetic: iimpuku ezivezwe ekuphefumlweni kwe-5400 μg/m³ kangangeeveki ezili-16 (ngexesha elingephi).
Ubuthi Bokuzala: Iimpuku ezivezwe kwizinga eliphantsi letyhefu (TCL0) le-1.5 g/m³ kangangeeyure ezingama-24 (iintsuku 1–18 zokukhulelwa) zibonakalise ubuthi kwi-embryo kunye nokukhula okungaqhelekanga kwemisipha. Iimpuku ezivezwe kwizinga eliphantsi letyhefu (TCL0) le-500 mg/m³ kangangeeyure ezingama-24 (iintsuku 6–13 zokukhulelwa) zibonise ubuthi kwi-embryo.
I-Metabolism kunye nokuwohloka: I-Toluene efunxwayo emzimbeni i-80% i-oxidized ibe yi-benzyl alcohol xa kukho i-NADP, ize ibe yi-benzaldehyde xa kukho i-NAD, ize i-oxidized ibe yi-benzoic acid. Emva koko idibana ne-glycine xa kukho i-coenzyme A kunye ne-adenosine triphosphate ukuze zenze i-hippuric acid. Ke ngoko, i-16%–20% ye-toluene efunxwayo ngumzimba womntu ikhutshwa ingatshintshanga ngendlela yokuphefumla, ngelixa i-80% ikhutshwa zizintso ngendlela ye-hippuric acid. Emva kokuvezwa kwi-toluene, i-hippuric acid kumchamo iyanda ngokukhawuleza kwiiyure ezi-2, ize inyuke kancinci kwaye ibuyele kumanqanaba aqhelekileyo kwiiyure ezili-16–24 emva kokuba ukuvezwa kuphelile. Inxalenye encinci ye-benzoic acid idibana ne-glucuronic acid ukwenza izinto ezingezizo iityhefu. Ngaphantsi kwe-1% ye-toluene i-metabolized ibe yi-o-cresol. Kwindalo esingqongileyo, i-toluene inyibilika ibe yi-benzoic acid okanye ibole ngqo kwi-carbon dioxide namanzi phantsi kweemeko ezinamandla zokunyibilikisa okanye xa kukho ii-catalysts xa zibekwe emoyeni.
Intsalela kunye nokuQokelela: Malunga ne-80% ye-toluene ikhutshwa kumchamo wabantu kunye noonogwaja njenge-acid ye-hippuric, ngelixa uninzi lwentsalela lukhutshwa. Aba babhali bakwaxele ukuba i-0.4%–1.1% ye-toluene ikhutshwa njenge-o-cresol. Olunye uphando lubonise ukuba i-metabolite ephambili, i-hippuric acid, ikhutshwa ngokukhawuleza kumchamo. Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo zokuchayeka emsebenzini, i-hippuric acid iphantse isuswe ngokupheleleyo kwiiyure ezingama-24 emva kokuba ukuvezwa kuphelile. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuchayeka rhoqo iiyure ezi-8 ngosuku kulandelwa ziiyure ezili-16 zokungachaphazeli, ukuqokelelwa okuthile kwe-hippuric acid kunokwenzeka ngexesha leveki yokusebenza, kodwa ukugxila kubuyela kumanqanaba angaphambi kokuvezwa emva kwempelaveki. Ubungakanani be-hippuric acid kumchamo oqhelekileyo buyahluka kakhulu (0.3–2.5 g) kuxhomekeke kwindlela yokutya kunye nomahluko womntu ngamnye. Ke ngoko, ukufunxwa kwe-toluene akunakuqondwa ngokupheleleyo kumanqanaba e-hippuric acid yomchamo, kodwa inobuchaneko oluthile kuphando lwamaqela lokufumanisa ukufunxwa kwe-toluene. Iimpuku ezazinyangwe ngaphambi kwexesha nge-phenobarbital zibonise izinga elonyukayo lokunyamalala kwe-toluene egazini kwaye zanciphisa ixesha lokulala emva kokufakwa kwe-toluene, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba ukungeniswa kwee-enzymes ze-microsomal zesibindi kunokukhuthaza imetabolism ye-toluene.
Ukufuduka kunye noTshintsho: I-Toluene iveliswa kakhulu kwi-oyile ekrwada ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo ze-petrochemical. Isetyenziswa njengesinyibilikisi seoyile, ii-resins, irabha yendalo neyenziweyo, i-coal tar, i-asphalt, kunye ne-cellulose acetate. Ikwasetyenziswa njengesinyibilikisi kwipeyinti ze-cellulose kunye neevarnish, kunye nakwi-photolithography kunye ne-inki solvents. I-Toluene ikwayinto ebalulekileyo kwi-organic synthesis, ngakumbi kwi-benzoyl chloride, ii-phenyl compounds, i-saccharin, i-trinitrotoluene, kunye needayi ezininzi. Ikwayinxalenye yepetroli yeenqwelo moya kunye neyeemoto. I-Toluene iyaguquguquka kwaye ayisebenzi kakuhle kwindalo esingqongileyo. Ngenxa yokuhamba komoya, isasazwa kakhulu kwindalo esingqongileyo kwaye iyaqhubeka nokusebenzisa kwakhona phakathi komoya namanzi ngemvula kunye nokuphuma kwamanzi kumphezulu wamanzi. Ekugqibeleni inokonakala ngenxa ye-biological kunye ne-microbial oxidation. Isishwankathelo somndilili wamanqanaba e-toluene emoyeni wasezidolophini kwihlabathi liphela sibonisa amanqanaba aqhelekileyo e-112.5–150 μg/m³, ngokuyintloko ngenxa yokukhupha okunxulumene nepetroli (ukukhupha isithuthi, ukucutshungulwa kwepetroli) kunye nokulahleka kwe-solvent kunye nokukhupha okuvela kwimisebenzi yemizi-mveliso.
Amanyathelo oNcedo lokuQala
Ulusu ludibana: Susa impahla engcolileyo uze uhlambe ulusu kakuhle ngesepha namanzi.
Ukudibana Kwamehlo: Phakamisa amehlo uze uwahlambe ngamanzi aqukuqelayo okanye isisombululo se-saline. Funa uncedo lwezonyango.
Ukuphefumla: Yiya ngokukhawuleza emoyeni omtsha. Gcina umoya uvulekile. Nika umoya-mpilo ukuba ukuphefumla kunzima. Yenza ukuphefumla okwenziweyo ukuba ukuphefumla kuyayeka. Funa uncedo lwezonyango.
Ukuginya: Sela amanzi afudumeleyo amaninzi ukuze uhlanze. Funa uncedo lukagqirha.
Amanyathelo okulwa nomlilo
Iimpawu eziyingozi: Iyatsha; umphunga oxutywe nomoya unokwenza imixube eqhumayo. Ukuvezwa kumlilo ovulekileyo okanye ubushushu obuphezulu kunokubangela ukutsha okanye ukuqhuma. Isabela ngamandla kwii-oxidants. Amanqanaba aphezulu okuhamba kwamanzi anokuvelisa kwaye aqokelele umbane ongashukumiyo. Umphunga unzima kunomoya kwaye ungasasazeka kumgama omde ukuya kwiindawo ezisezantsi, apho unokutshisa kwaye ubuye umva.
Iimveliso zokutsha eziyingozi: I-carbon monoxide, i-carbon dioxide.
Iindlela Zokulwa Nomlilo: Zipholise izikhongozeli ngamanzi ashushu. Susa izikhongozeli kwindawo yomlilo uziyise kwindawo evulekileyo ukuba kunokwenzeka. Ukuba izikhongozeli kwindawo yomlilo zitshintshile umbala okanye zivelisa isandi esivela kwizixhobo zokunciphisa uxinzelelo, phuma ngoko nangoko.
Izinto Zokucima Umlilo: Igwebu, umgubo owomileyo, ikharbon diokside, isanti. Amanzi awasebenzi ekucimeni.
Impendulo engxamisekileyo yokuvuza
Impendulo kaXakeka: Susa abasebenzi kwindawo evuzayo baye kwindawo ekhuselekileyo, bahlukanise, kwaye ulawule ngokungqongqo indlela yokufikelela. Susa imithombo yokutsha. Abaphenduli kaXakeka kufuneka banxibe izixhobo zokuphefumla ezizimeleyo ezixinzelelekileyo kunye nempahla yokuzikhusela. Nciphisa umthombo wokuvuza. Thintela ukungena kwimijelo yamanzi amdaka, imisele yokukhupha amanzi, okanye kwezinye iindawo ezivalekileyo.
Ukuvuza Okuncinci: Funxa nge-activated carbon okanye ezinye izinto ezingasebenziyo. Okanye, hlamba nge-emulsion eyenziwe nge-dispersant engatshiyo, xuba ulwelo lokuhlamba, uze ukhuphele kwinkqubo yamanzi amdaka.
Ukuvuza Okukhulu: Yakha imingxunya okanye imingxuma yokuthintela ukuchitheka. Gquma ngegwebu ukunciphisa iingozi zomphunga. Sebenzisa iimpompo ezingaqhumiyo ukuze uzithumele kwiitanki okanye kwizikhongozeli ezikhethekileyo zokuqokelela ukuze zibuyiselwe okanye zilahlwe kwiindawo zonyango lwenkunkuma.
Ixesha leposi: Februwari-24-2026